DateDocument
2024-10-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 september 2024
2024-09-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 august 2024
2024-08-14interim results announcement for the six months ended 30 june 2024
2024-08-02date of board meeting
2024-07-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 july 2024
2024-07-26change of name of auditor
2024-07-25list of directors and their role and function
2024-07-25appointment of executive director and vice chairman of the board
2024-07-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 june 2024
2024-05-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 may 2024
2024-05-24list of directors and their role and function
2024-05-24poll results of annual general meeting held on 24 may 2024
2024-05-24company information sheet
2024-05-14company information sheet
2024-05-13change of company secretary, authorised representative and process agent
2024-05-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 april 2024
2024-04-17notification letter and request form to non-registered shareholders
2024-04-17notice of annual general meeting
2024-04-17proposals for general mandates to issue shares and to repurchase shares and re-election of the retiring directors and continuous appointment of independent nonexecutive directors serving more than nine years and notice of annual general meeting
2024-04-05voluntary announcement - termination of joint ventures
2024-04-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 march 2024
2024-03-27annual results announcement for the year ended 31 december 2023
2024-03-11date of board meeting
2024-03-01company information sheet
2024-02-29(1) change of company secretary, authorised representative and process agent and (2) change of address of head office and principal place of business in hong kong
2024-02-29monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 29 february 2024
2024-01-31voluntary announcement - proposed issuance of corporate bond
2024-01-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 january 2024
2024-01-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 december 2023
2023-12-28voluntary announcement - termination of senior personnel
2023-12-18change in use of proceeds from the rights issue
2023-12-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 november 2023
2023-11-13third quarterly results announcement for the nine months ended 30 september 2023
2023-10-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 october 2023
2023-10-26date of board meeting
2023-10-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 september 2023
2023-09-04monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 august 2023
2023-08-31supplemental announcement interim results for the six months ended 30 june 2023
2023-08-24company information sheet
2023-08-24next day disclosure returns
2023-08-23results of the rights issue on the basis of one (1) rights share for every two (2) shares held on the record date
2023-08-15company information sheet
2023-08-15change of company name, stock short names, and company website and cessation of use of company logo
2023-08-15second amended and restated memorandum of association
2023-08-14interim results announcement for the six months ended 30 june 2023
2023-08-02date of board meeting
2023-08-01supplemental announcement revised timetable in relation to the rights issue
2023-07-31company information sheet
2023-07-31company information sheet
2023-07-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 july 2023
2023-07-25documents on display
2023-07-25excess application form
2023-07-25provisional allotment letter
2023-07-25documents on display - major transaction / exchange or substitution of securities / other
2023-07-25on the basis of one (1) rights share for every two (2) shares held on the record date
2023-07-14clarification announcement
2023-07-14company information sheet
2023-07-12(1) poll results of the extraordinary general meeting; (2) share consolidation and change in board lot size; and (3) progress of change of company name
2023-06-30monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 june 2023
2023-06-26notice of extraordinary general meeting
2023-06-16voluntary announcement - appointment of senior personnel
2023-06-09poll results of annual general meeting held on 9 june 2023
2023-06-09second amended and restated memorandum of association
2023-06-05(i) proposed share consolidation; (ii) proposed change in board lot size; (iii) proposed rights issue on the basis of one (1) rights shares for every two (2) shares held on the record date; and (iv) major transaction in relation to capital increase in joint venture companies
2023-05-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 may 2023
2023-05-19discloseable transaction: disposal of a subsidiary
2023-05-12first quarterly results announcement for the three months ended 31 march 2023
2023-05-08notice of annual general meeting
2023-05-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 april 2023
2023-05-02date of board meeting
2023-04-13completion of subscription of new shares under general mandate
2023-04-13company information sheet
2023-03-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 march 2023
2023-03-29annual results announcement for the year ended 31 december 2022
2023-03-29subscription of new shares under the general mandate
2023-03-28annual results announcement for the year ended 31 december 2022
2023-03-24proposed change of company name
2023-03-15date of board meeting
2023-02-28monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 28 february 2023
2023-01-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 january 2023
2023-01-20next day disclosure return
2023-01-20completion of subscription of new shares under general mandate
2023-01-20company information sheet
2023-01-20voluntary announcement formation of joint ventures
2023-01-13subscription of new shares under the general mandate
2023-01-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 december 2022
2022-12-28remuneration committee terms of reference
2022-12-28change of contact telephone and facsimile numbers
2022-12-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 november 2022
2022-11-17poll results of extraordinary general meeting held on 17 november 2022
2022-11-11third quarterly results announcement for the nine months ended 30 september 2022
2022-11-11third quarterly report 2022
2022-11-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 october 2022
2022-11-01change of address of head office and principal place of business in hong kong
2022-11-01company information sheet
2022-10-27notice of extraordinary general meeting
2022-10-14date of board meeting
2022-10-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 september 2022
2022-09-20(1) appointment of independent non-executive director; and (2) change in composition of board committees
2022-09-20list of directors and their role and function
2022-09-20company information sheet
2022-08-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 august 2022
2022-08-12interim results announcement for the six months ended 30 june 2022
2022-08-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 july 2022
2022-08-02completion of placing of new shares under general mandate
2022-08-02next day disclosure return
2022-08-02company information sheet
2022-07-29date of board meeting
2022-07-19company information sheet
2022-07-18change of address of hong kong branch share registrar and transfer office
2022-07-08placing of new shares under general mandate
2022-07-08appointment of auditor
2022-07-08company information sheet
2022-06-30monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 june 2022
2022-06-29poll results of annual general meeting held on 29 june 2022
2022-06-29list of directors and their role and function
2022-06-29company information sheet
2022-05-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 may 2022
2022-05-27notice of annual general meeting
2022-05-20retirement of independent non-executive director and retirement of auditor
2022-05-13first quarterly results announcement for the three months ended 31 march 2022
2022-05-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 april 2022
2022-04-27completion of placing of new shares under general mandate
2022-04-27date of board meeting
2022-04-27next day disclosure return
2022-04-27company information sheet
2022-04-11(1) resignaton of executive director; (2) redesignation of independent non-executive director, change of company secretary, authorised representative and process agent; (3) appoinment of independent non-executive director; and (4) change in composition of board committees
2022-04-11list of directors and their role and function
2022-04-11company information sheet
2022-04-08placing of new shares under general mandate
2022-04-06monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 march 2022
2022-04-01annual results announcement for the year ended 31 december 2021
2022-04-01annual results announcement for the year ended 31 december 2021
2022-03-18date of board meeting
2022-03-18company information sheet
2022-03-09voluntary announcement - memorandum of understanding in relation to proposed acquisition
2022-03-04monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 28 february 2022
2022-02-04monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 january 2022
2022-01-31voluntary announcement
2022-01-17next day disclosure return
2022-01-17company information sheet
2022-01-14results of the rights issue on the basis of one
2022-01-04monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 december 2021
2021-12-22rights issue on the basis of one
2021-12-21rights issue on the basis of one
2021-12-21provisional allotment letter
2021-12-21excess application form
2021-12-21company information sheet
2021-12-21amended and restated memorandum and articles of association
2021-12-16clarification announcement
2021-12-15change of company name, stock short names and company website address; and the adoption of company logo
2021-12-08(revised) monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 november 2021?
2021-12-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 november 2021
2021-11-16next day disclosure return
2021-11-16company information sheet
2021-11-14third quarterly results announcement for the nine months ended 30 september 2021
2021-11-12(1) poll results of the extraordinary general meeting; (2) share consolidation and change in board lot size; (3) progress of change of company name; and (4) revised expected timetable in relation to the rights issue?
2021-11-04monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 october 2021
2021-11-02date of board meeting
2021-10-29appointment of executive director and vice chairman of the board
2021-10-29list of directors and their role and function
2021-10-29company information sheet
2021-10-29(revised) list of directors and their role and function
2021-10-29(revised) company information sheet
2021-10-26notice of extraordinary general meeting
2021-10-20(i) proposed share consolidation; (ii) proposed change in board lot size; (iii) proposed change of company name; and (iv) proposed rights issue on the basis of one (1) rights shares for every two (2) shares held on the record date
2021-10-15(revised) monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 september 2021
2021-10-04monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 september 2021
2021-09-05monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 august 2021
2021-08-15interim results announcement for the six months ended 30 june 2021
2021-08-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 july 2021
2021-08-03date of board meeting
2021-07-12supplemental announcement in relation to the appointment of executive director
2021-07-06appointment of executive director
2021-07-06list of directors and their role and function
2021-07-06company information sheet
2021-07-05monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 june 2021
2021-06-30(1) retirement of executive director & change of chairperson of the board; (2) change of company secretary; (3) change of authorised representatives under the gem listing rules & process agents under the companies ordinance; and (4) change in composition of board committees
2021-06-30list of directors and their role and function
2021-06-30company information sheet
2021-06-29poll results of annual general meeting held on 29 june 2021
2021-06-28supplemental announcement in relation to the annual report for the year ended 31 december 2020
2021-06-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 may 2021
2021-05-28notice of annual general meeting
2021-05-21change of address of head office and principal place of business, telephone and facsimile numbers in hong kong
2021-05-21company information sheet
2021-05-14first quarterly results announcement for the three months ended 31 march 2021
2021-04-30monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 april 2021
2021-04-26date of board meeting
2021-04-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 march 2021
2021-03-30annual results announcement for the year ended 31 december 2020
2021-03-24profit warning
2021-03-16change of date of board meeting
2021-03-09supplemental announcement in relation to the appointment of executive director
2021-03-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 28 february 2021
2021-02-22date of board meeting
2021-02-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 january 2021
2020-12-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 december 2020
2020-12-31discloseable transaction in relation to the tenancy agreements
2020-12-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 november 2020
2020-12-01appointment of executive director
2020-12-01list of directors and their role and function
2020-12-01company information sheet
2020-11-20change of company secretary, authorised representative and process agent
2020-11-11third quarterly results announcement for the nine months ended 30 september 2020
2020-11-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 october 2020
2020-10-27date of board meeting
2020-10-21announcement pursuant to rules 17.5
2020-09-30monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 september 2020
2020-08-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 august 2020
2020-08-12interim results announcement for the six months ended 30 june 2020
2020-07-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 july 2020
2020-07-29date of board meeting
2020-06-30monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 june 2020
2020-06-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 may 2020
2020-05-29poll results of annual general meeting held on 29 may 2020
2020-05-12first quarterly results announcement for the three months ended 31 march 2020
2020-05-04monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 april 2020
2020-04-24date of board meeting
2020-04-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 march 2020
2020-03-30notice of annual general meeting
2020-03-25annual results announcement for the year ended 31 december 2019
2020-03-13date of board meeting
2020-03-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 29 february 2020
2020-02-11supplemental announcement
2020-02-10change of address of head office and principal place of business in hong kong
2020-02-06discloseable transaction: disposal of a subsidiary
2020-02-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 january 2020
2020-01-06completion of
2020-01-06next day disclosure return
2020-01-06company information sheet
2020-01-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 december 2019
2019-12-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 november 2019
2019-11-08third quarterly results announcement for the nine months ended 30 september 2019
2019-11-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 october 2019
2019-10-24date of board meeting
2019-10-16poll results of the extraordinary general meeting held on 16 october 2019
2019-10-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 september 2019
2019-09-25notice of extraordinary general meeting
2019-09-09(i) major transaction in relation to the acquisition of 75% equity interest in solomon holdings group limited; and (ii) placing of new shares under specific mandate
2019-09-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 august 2019
2019-08-08interim results announcement for the six months ended 30 june 2019
2019-08-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 july 2019
2019-07-22date of board meeting
2019-07-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 june 2019
2019-06-14change of address of hong kong branch share registrar and transfer office
2019-06-10memorandum of understanding in relation to a proposed acquisition
2019-06-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 may 2019
2019-05-10poll results of annual general meeting held on 10 may 2019
2019-05-08first quarterly results announcement for the three months ended 31 march 2019
2019-05-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 april 2019
2019-04-18date of board meeting
2019-04-01notice of annual general meeting
2019-04-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 march 2019
2019-03-26annual results announcement for the year ended 31 december 2018
2019-03-04date of board meeting
2019-03-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 28 february 2019
2019-02-28profit warning
2019-01-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 january 2019
2018-12-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 december 2018
2018-12-31audit committee terms of reference
2018-11-30monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 november 2018
2018-11-08third quarterly results announcement for the nine months ended 30 september 2018
2018-10-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 october 2018
2018-10-23date of board meeting
2018-10-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 september 2018
2018-08-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 august 2018
2018-08-07interim results announcement for the six months ended 30 june 2018
2018-07-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 july 2018
2018-07-24date of board meeting
2018-07-03voluntary announcement termination of cooperation framework agreement
2018-07-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 june 2018
2018-05-31resignation of executive director and co-chairman
2018-05-31list of directors and their roles and functions
2018-05-31company information sheet
2018-05-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 may 2018
2018-05-25poll results of annual general meeting held on 25 may 2018
2018-05-08first quarterly results announcement for the three months ended 31 march 2018
2018-04-30monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 april 2018
2018-04-18date of board meeting
2018-04-04voluntary announcement cooperation framework agreement
2018-04-03notice of annual general meeting
2018-04-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 march 2018
2018-03-26annual results announcement for the year ended 31 december 2017
2018-03-02profit warning
2018-03-02date of board meeting
2018-02-28monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 28 february 2018
2018-01-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 january 2018
2018-01-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 december 2017
2017-12-01voluntary announcement memorandum of understanding in respect of formation of joint venture
2017-11-30monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 november 2017
2017-11-09third quarterly results announcement for the nine months ended 30 september 2017
2017-10-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 october 2017
2017-10-30profit warning
2017-10-23date of board meeting
2017-10-06discloseable transaction: disposal of a subsidiary
2017-10-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 september 2017
2017-08-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 august 2017
2017-08-09interim results announcement for the six months ended 30 june 2017
2017-07-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 july 2017
2017-07-28profit warning
2017-07-24date of board meeting
2017-07-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 june 2017
2017-06-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 may 2017
2017-05-26(1)poll results of annual general meeting held on 26 may 2017; and(2)increase in authorised share captial
2017-05-09first quarterly results announcement for the three months ended 31 march 2017
2017-05-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 april 2017
2017-05-02profit warning
2017-04-18date of board meeting
2017-04-05change of company name of principal share registrar and transfer office in the cayman islands
2017-04-03lapse of memorandum of understanding in relation to a proposed acquisition
2017-03-31monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 march 2017
2017-03-30notice of annual general meeting
2017-03-30voluntary announcement cooperation framework agreement
2017-03-29voluntary announcement cooperation framework agreement
2017-03-27annual results announcement for the year ended 31 december 2016
2017-03-09date of board meeting
2017-03-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 28 february 2017
2017-02-03memorandum of understanding in relation to a proposed acquisition
2017-02-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 january 2017
2017-01-06poll results of extraordinary general meeting held on 6 january 2017
2017-01-06amended and restated memorandum of association
2017-01-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 december 2016
2016-12-09change of auditor
2016-12-08notice of extraordinary general meeting
2016-12-06proposed amendments to the memorandum and articles of association
2016-12-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 november 2016
2016-11-09third quarterly results announcement for the nine months ended 30 september 2016
2016-11-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 october 2016
2016-10-28strategic cooperation framework agreement
2016-10-27voluntary announcement business update
2016-10-21date of board meeting
2016-10-14clarification announcement
2016-10-13clarification announcement
2016-10-06inside information disposal of shares by the controlling shareholder
2016-10-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 september 2016
2016-09-28(1) discloseable transaction: the acquisition of 39% issued share capital of novel sino group holdings limited; and (2) change of use of proceeds from placing of unlisted warrants
2016-09-27lapse of memorandum of understanding in relation to a proposed acquisition
2016-09-20resignation of executive director and change of the composition of board committees
2016-09-20list of directors and their roles and functions
2016-09-20company information sheet
2016-09-06appointment of executive director and co-chairman
2016-09-06list of directors and their roles and functions
2016-09-06company information sheet
2016-09-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 august 2016
2016-08-10interim results announcement for the six months ended 30 june 2016
2016-08-08completion of placing of unlisted warrants under specific mandate
2016-08-08company information sheet
2016-08-02memorandum of understanding in relation to a proposed acquisition
2016-08-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 july 2016
2016-07-27memorandum of understanding in relation to a proposed acquisition
2016-07-26date of board meeting
2016-07-26extension of long stop date of placing of unlisted warrants under specific mandate
2016-07-08next day disclosure return
2016-07-08company information sheet
2016-07-07poll results of extraordinary general meeting held on 7 july 2016
2016-07-04monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 june 2016
2016-06-16notice of extraordinary general meeting
2016-06-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 may 2016
2016-05-31proposed share subdivision and proposed placing of unlisted warrants under specific mandate
2016-05-27poll results of annual general meeting held on 27 may 2016
2016-05-09first quarterly results announcement for the three months ended 31 march 2016
2016-05-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 april 2016
2016-04-25date of board meeting
2016-04-05notice of annual general meeting
2016-04-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 march 2016
2016-03-30annual results announcement for the year ended 31 december 2015
2016-03-14date of board meeting
2016-03-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 29 february 2016
2016-02-17profit warning
2016-02-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 january 2016
2016-01-04monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 december 2015
2015-12-31audit committee terms of reference
2015-12-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 november 2015
2015-11-10third quarterly results announcement for the nine months ended 30 september 2015
2015-11-03monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 october 2015
2015-11-02profit warning
2015-10-23date of board meeting
2015-10-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 september 2015
2015-09-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 august 2015
2015-08-11interim results announcement for the six months ended 30 june 2015
2015-08-04profit warning
2015-08-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 july 2015
2015-07-27date of board meeting
2015-07-02monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 june 2015
2015-06-01monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 31 may 2015
2015-05-14first quarterly results announcement for the three months ended 31 march 2015
2015-05-11profit warning
2015-05-04date of board meeting
2015-05-04monthly return of equity issuer on movements in securities for the month ended 30 april 2015
2015-04-29listing on the growth enterprise market of the stock exchange of hong kong limited by way of placing
2015-04-29company information sheet
2015-04-29list of directors and their roles and functions
2015-04-29amended and restated memorandum of association
2015-04-29articles of association
2015-04-29audit committee terms of reference
2015-04-29remuneration committee terms of reference
2015-04-29nomination committee terms of reference
2015-04-23notice of listing on the growth enterprise market of the stock exchange of hong kong limited by way of placing
2015-04-23listing on the growth enterprise market of the stock exchange of hong kong limited by way of placing
2015-04-23listing on the growth enterprise market of the stock exchange of hong kong limited by way of placing
2015-04-19phip (1st submission)
2015-04-19phip (1st submission)
2015-04-09application proof (1st submission)
2015-04-09application proof (1st submission)